Cederquist, M. D., works with our team of Registered Dietitians to ensure that the nutritional requirements for healthy and long- term weight loss are being met in every weekly menu, and in each and every entree. Our balanced nutrition plan for weight loss provides 1,1. How to Eat an Inflammatory Bowel Disease Diet: 1. Steps. Expert Reviewed. Three Parts: Avoiding Trigger Foods. Building a Healthy Diet. Supplementing a Healthy Diet. Learn about the science of healthy weight loss and meal plans from bistroMD's founding physician, Dr. Start your healthy weight loss today! Learn more about Jenny Craig's 80+ premium weight loss foods: menus, costs. Cook healthy meals without the hefty time commitment. With Terra’s Kitchen, you pick the recipe, we prepare & deliver, you cook- in 30 minutes or less! ![]() Just the right balance, these pre-portioned meals are perfect for anyone wanting big flavor with low calories. Price: Starting at $6.75 per meal Delivery: Nationwide While BistroMD is geared toward people who specifically want to lose weight, the meals included are not. Community Q& AInflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a broad term used to diagnose chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Its two most common forms are ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. IBD is generally much more acute and serious than Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), which affects the colon muscle's ability to contract. Symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, chronic pain and cramping in the abdominal muscles, fever and rectal bleeding. Although there is no known cure for IBD (and you should always seek treatment from a doctor if you have these symptoms), modifications to your diet may help ease some of your pain. ![]() ![]() ![]() How to Eat an Inflammatory Bowel Disease Diet. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a broad term used to diagnose chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Car News from Edmunds keeps car buyers and owners informed of the latest automotive news, events and recalls. ![]() The Anti- Androgen Diet . Excess production can lead to a number of hormonal disorders like polycystic ovary syndrome and might even increase cancer risk. No official diet exists to deal with excess androgen production, like it does for a condition like diabetes,but making certain dietary changes has been linked to lower androgen levels. The Mayo. Clinic. Your body produces the hormone insulin to help move glucose - -- the substance created from carbohydrates - -- into your cells. Diet heavily influences insulin levels and watching carbohydrate intake can help reduce insulin production. ![]() ![]() No blanket recommendation exists for a daily intake of carbohydrates to mitigate insulin production, but endocrinologist and PCOS expert, Dr. Walter Futterweit of the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, recommends limiting consumption to about 5. If you have another condition where excess androgen is a concern, you might also benefit from these guidelines. A study published in a 2. Led by Italian researchers at the Instituto Nazionale Tumori, the study looked at the effects of a diet rich in low- glycemic foods versus a diet rich in high- glycemic foods. The Glycemic Index ranks foods on a scale of one to 1. The women ate specially prepared meals and the group following the low glycemic diet experienced a 2. High- glycemic index foods include sugary foods and drinks and refined, white flour carbohydrates like white bread and other white- flour foods. Good carbohydrate choices include fiber- rich foods such as whole grains like oatmeal and brown rice as well as non- starchy vegetables like leafy greens, broccoli, spinach, onions, peppers, garlic, squash, peppers and cucumbers. A study conducted at the University of Helsinki in Finland and published in the . Vegetarians had lower levels of male hormones than meat- eaters. 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The Anti-Inflammatory Diet Your body's stressed as it is, so give it the break it needs with anti-inflammatory foods rich in omega-3s and antioxidants.
Weil offers you the basics of a natural anti inflammatory diet based on eating anti inflammatory foods, commonly known as the Anti Inflammation Diet. ![]() Active Low- Carber Forums - Atkins Diet & Low Carb Support Message Boards. Atkins diet and low carb discussion provided free for information only, not as medical advice. Active Low- Carber Forums. A sugar- free zone. Threads: 3. 41,4. Posts: 6,8. 45,4. Members: 1. 65,1. Welcome newest member, Measles. Use this forum to post before and after pictures, and your low- carb testimonials. Tell us how you're doing! Post your progress, keep an updated journal, and let us peek into your diary and check into your fridge! Find buddies with similar goals, join a group for a countdown or specific challenges. Support for those with over 1. Tips and discussion of exercise to help you lose/maintain your weight while low- carbing. Forum for support and sharing of technical low- carb issues and health concerns, and how low- carbing can improve your health & well- being. Various low- carb support groups with similar focus. ![]() Low- carb recipes exchange and discussion. Have questions about recipes? Reviews, questions, comments, and where to find low- carb products, and weight- loss tools. Find low- carbers in your town and form your own groups. Think globally, act locally. Archive of some of the most interesting or thought provoking discussions on our forum. A debate- free area for topics unrelated to low- carbing. Please, no politics, religion or sexual orientation! Our Website. Here you can support our forum, and gain priority membership benefits!- -This forum is for help, support, suggestions and problem reporting for the My P. L. A. N. Be sure to visit our Introductions forum to say Hello! What's Going On? Currently Active Users: 1. Most users ever online was 6. ![]() What Is a Low Carb Diet? Popular plans such as South Beach and Atkins emphasize a healthy and balanced approach to eating and weight loss. A low carb diet is a. The Low Carb Grocery Store offers healthy, low carb, low calorie & gluten free foods, including pita breads, tortillas wraps, pasta & noodles, syrups & sauces, snack. ![]() Thu, Feb- 1. 6- 1. Blue Ruby, Blue. 52, Bonnie OFS, Bubbayob, Calianna, Casey. Zee, cotonpal, Deerfu, Didy, Dodger, duchesse, Im. All. Like, khrussva, LW9, Measles, ncgirl. Nomor. Carbs, nonnie, patriciakr, Phantomess, Roobinsky, Sabre. Cat. 50, scintillad, scrapgirl, singstar, Skeeter. X, SKOL, suburbsnow, Suecando. All times are GMT - 6. The time now is 1. ![]() Discover How this Diet Food Store helped People Finally Achieve Diet Success. Introduction to Low Carb. A low-carb diet means that you eat fewer carbohydrates and a higher proportion of fat. This can also be called a low-carb, high-fat diet. Try to eat a moderately low carb plan without grains or lots of fruit and natural sugars? Here are some ways to get plenty of protein and non-starchy vegetables into. Low carb diets have been amongst people with diabetes because they are blood sugar friendly. A low carb diet has less carbohydrate than the average diet. Low Carb Diet Plan Paleo Food Truck![]() Seeking Low Carb Food for your Low Carb Diet? Tired of steak and eggs? You've found the best selection of low carb products in one convenient low carb food store! Simple plan I have devised, in the course of my 7 year experience on the "Low Carb Diet" to help me out and is based on the induction phase of the Atkins diet, the. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Low Carb Diet Plan Paleo Food Products![]() Health benefits of Caralluma Fimbriata. One of the reasons why the interest of Caralluma Fimbriata increased so rapidly is due to its weight loss benefits. Although there are more advantages of this extract to your health than weight loss, other benefits are far less researched. You can find a detailed list of potential benefits of Caralluma bellow in the article.
The first benefit of Caralluma in terms of weight loss is that is able to decrease your appetite. The way it works is that it is able to control a part of a brain called hypothalamus. It is “in charge” of letting your brain know if you full or hungry. By interfering in this process Caralluma Fimbriata is able to minimize the feeling hunger. Due to this you will feel full by eating far less and experience less cravings. WebMD provides a list of natural remedies used to treat Weight loss. ALCAR Weight Loss Dosage: How much Acetyl L-Carnitine should you be taken if you want to lose weight? Generally, it is advised to take ACLAR at a dosage somewhere. The next benefit of Caralluma for weight loss is that it is actually able to fight fat cells. The extract made of this plant doesn’t allow for pre- fat cells to properly develop and turn into fat cells. It is thought that this is achieved by a few enzymes that are found in this plant. One of these enzymes is able to block Citrate Lyase, which is responsible for producing fat in your body. The other component found in Caralluma plant is able to stop an enzyme called Malonyl Coenzyme A, which is also responsible fat formulation. So by stopping these two enzymes, extract made of this plant will force your body to use its fat reserves and as a result you will be able get rid of fat quicker. Since it promotes leaner body mass it should be also added that it can be also effective in fighting fatigue. ![]() ![]() When your body will have less fat you will be less likely to experience tiredness and weakness. According to a study done on the animals (mice) this extract was more effective for burning fat when it was used for longer period of time and in higher dosages. The dosages of Caralluma extract ranged from 2. Furthermore participants (people) in a few studies on Caralluma Fimbriata reported that they noticed increase in energy while using a supplement containing this extract. So it can be said that the other potential benefit of Caralluma is boosting of energy levels. So it can be said that Caralluma Extract is far more beneficial in terms of weight loss, than other popular appetite suppressant such as Hoodia Gordonii or Saffron Extract. ![]() Not only it is able to reduce appetite, but it can also help your body to prevent fat from forming and get rid of current fats. All these affects can help you achieve far better results than these popular appetite suppressants. There is also some evidence suggesting that Caralluma can help with diabetes and heart problems. Some studies on animals suggest that it can help to regulate blood sugar levels therefore it can be beneficial for people who have diabetes. Furthermore there is some indications that it can be helpful in reducing high cholesterol levels thus can significantly reduce the risk of heart diseases. The available studies on these two benefits are quite limited and were done only on animals, so these potential benefits should be acknowledged with some precaution. Additionally high levels of antioxidants are found in Caralluma Fimbriata. Antioxidants can greatly improve your general health as well as aging process and can help to prevent various serious conditions. Besides that the extract of this plant contains fatty acids (Omega- 9), which can help with conditions such as arthritis, high blood sugar levels and heart problems. Also it is important to mention that the plant of Caralluma was used by local people to treat conditions such as malaria and fewer. Although these benefits of Caralluma Fimbriata are truly remarkable, it is important to acknowledge that there are still not enough studies done in order to fully confirm some of these claims. However there are quite a lot of studies and testimonials that can confirm this extract effectiveness in terms of weight loss. You can find plenty of reviews on different Caralluma supplements that it helped users to reduce appetite, feel full after eating less, minimize cravings and etc. So trying a supplement that includes this extract can be definitely worthwhile for people who want to lose some weight. Does Apple Cider Vinegar Help with Weight Loss? Vinegar has evidently been used as a weight- loss aid for nearly 2. Well, like hot sauce, it can be a nearly calorie- free way to flavor foods, and there’s all sorts of tasty exotic vinegars out there now, like fig, peach, and pomegranate, to choose from, but the question is: is there something special about vinegar that helps with weight loss? Vinegar is simply a dilute solution of acetic acid, which takes energy for our body to metabolize, activating an enzyme called AMPK, which is like our body’s fuel gauge. If it senses that we’re low, it amps up energy production, and tells the body to stop storing fat and start burning fat. And so, given our obesity epidemic, it is crucial that oral compounds with high bioavailability are developed to safely induce chronic AMPK enzyme activation, which would be potentially beneficial for long- term weight loss. No need to develop such a compound, though, if you can buy it in any grocery store. ![]() We know vinegar can activate AMPK in human cells, but is the dose one might get sprinkling it on a salad enough? If you take endothelial cells—blood- vessel- lining cells—from umbilical cords after babies are born and expose them to various levels of acetate, which is what the acetic acid in vinegar turns into in our stomach, it appears to take a concentration of at least 1. AMPK. So, how much acetate do you get in your bloodstream sprinkling about a tablespoon of vinegar on your salad? You do hit 1. 00, but only for about 1. And even at that concentration, 1. Now granted, this is in a petri dish, but we didn’t have any clinical studies until. ![]() ![]() They call them obese, but they were actually slimmer than your average American. In Japan, they call anything over a BMI of 2. American adult is about 2. But anyway, they took about 1. No other changes in their diet or exercise—in fact, they monitored their diets and gave them all pedometers so they could make sure that the only significant difference between the three groups was the amount of vinegar they were getting every day. This is where they started out, and within just one month, statistically significant drops in weight in both vinegar groups compared to placebo, with high dose doing better than low dose, which just got better month after month. In fact, by month three, the do- nothing placebo group actually gained weight, as overweight people tend to do, whereas the vinegar groups significantly dropped their weight. Was the weight loss actually significant or just statistically significant? ![]() Well, that’s for you to decide. This is in kilograms; so, compared to placebo, the two tablespoons of vinegar a day group dropped five pounds by the end of the 1. That may not sound like a lot, but they got that for just pennies a day without removing anything from their diet. And they got slimmer, up to nearly an inch off their waist, suggesting they were losing abdominal fat, but the researchers went the extra mile and put it to the test. They put the research subjects through abdominal CT scans to actually directly measure the amount of fat before and after in their bodies. They measured the amount of superficial fat, visceral fat, and total body fat. Superficial fat is the fat under your skin that makes for flabby arms and contributes to cellulite, but visceral fat is the killer—that’s the fat, shown here in white, building up around your internal organs that bulges out the belly. And that’s the kind of fat the placebo group was putting on when they were gaining weight. But both the low dose and high dose vinegar groups were able to remove about a square inch of visceral fat off that CT scan slice. Now, like any weight loss strategy, it only works if you do it. A month after they stopped the vinegar, the weight crept right back, but that’s just additional evidence that the vinegar was working, but how? A group of researchers in the UK suggested an explanation: vinegar beverages are gross. The nasty beverage was so unpleasant that the study subjects actually felt nauseous after drinking it; so, they ate less of the meal the researchers gave them with the beverage. So, is that what was going on here? Weight Loss with a Low-Carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or Low-Fat Diet. Iris Shai, R.D., Ph.D., Dan Schwarzfuchs, M.D., Yaakov Henkin, M.D., Danit R. Chaka Khan shows off dramatic weight loss as she jets out of LA just days after celebrating 64th birthday. By Christine Rendon For Dailymail.com. Anti-obesity medication or weight loss drugs are all pharmacological agents that reduce or control weight. These drugs alter one of the fundamental processes of the.![]() Were the vinegar groups just eating less? No, the vinegar groups were eating about the same compared to placebo. Same diet, more weight loss, thanks, perhaps, to the acetic acid’s impact on AMPK. Now, the CT scans make this a very expensive study; so, I was not surprised it was funded by a company that sells vinegars, which is good, since otherwise we wouldn’t have these amazing data, but is also bad because it always leaves you wondering if the funding source somehow manipulated the results. But the nice thing about companies funding studies about healthy foods, whether it’s some kiwifruit company, or the National Watermelon Promotion Board—watermelon. Here, for example, even if the findings turned out to be bogus, worst comes to worst, your salad would just be tastier. To see any graphs, charts, graphics, images, and quotes to which Dr. ![]() Greger may be referring, watch the above video. This is just an approximation of the audio contributed by Katie Schloer. Red wine has a long list of health benefits, and now it may also burn fat and lower blood pressure. Red wine IS good for cutting blood pressure (but you need to take out the alcohol) By Jenny Hope for the Daily Mail. Published: 18:04 EDT, 6 September 2012 Please consider volunteering to help out on the site. OBAMACARE: BEFORE AND AFTER: On March 23, 2010, President Barack Obama signed into law the Patient Protection & Affordable Care Act (ACA)—commonly referred to. Average birth weight, how much weight should your baby gain (breastfed vs formula fed), weight gain chart by month, baby not gaining weight and how to help. TODAY Parents is the premiere destination for parenting news, advice & community. Find the latest parenting trends and tips for your kids and family on TODAY.com. United Nations News Centre with breaking news from the UN News Service. To access the pdfs & translations of individual guidelines, please log in as EAU member. Non-EAU members can view the web versions. To become an EAU member, click here. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS (Bodmer & Rabb 1992) (Colbert,1938) (Dagg & Foster 1982) (Grzimek 1990) (Hart 2013) (Lindsey et al 1999) Weight (Hart 2013). Exercise and Vitamin D Better Together for Heart Health. Exercisers more likely to have adequate vitamin D. Antidepressant May Enhance Drug Delivery to the. Okapi Fact Sheet. Okapi, Okapia johnstoni. October 2. 00. 9TAXONOMY & NOMENCLATURE(Benirschke & Hagey 2. Colbert 1. 93. 8) (Daag & Forster 1. Spinage 1. 96. 8). Describer (Date): P. L. Sclater (1. 90. Proceedings of the Zoological. Society of London, 1. Kingdom: Animal Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order. Artiodactyla* (nearly 2. Suborder: Ruminantia (cud- chewing cattle, goats, sheep, bison, giraffes and more). ![]() Family: Giraffidae (only two species - giraffes and okapis). Genus: Giraffa camelopardalis (giraffe). Genus: Okapi (okapi). Species: Okapia johnstoni*New anatomical and DNA evidence on the relationship between Artiodactyla (even- toed ungulates) and Cetacea (whales and dolphins) recently led to a merging of the two orders into a new group, Cetartiodactyla (Montgelard, 1. Kulemzina, 2. 00. As of October 2. 01. Cetartiodactyla as an official taxonomic order that would replace Artiodactyla and Cetacea. The AXS Cookie Policy. This website, like most others, uses cookies in order to give you a great online experience. By continuing to use our website you accept to our. Read the latest Cardiology news, opinion, conference coverage, thought leader perspectives, medical journal articles and more from theheart.org and Medscape. RACE, EVOLUTION AND BEHAVIOR: A Life History Perspective. 2nd Special Abridged Edition. University of Western Ontario. Some continue to list okapi in the order Artiodactyla (Franklin, 2. Cetartiodactyla without defining it as an order (IUCN, 2. Nomenclature. Common Names: okapi. Local Names: Atti (from Wambuti pygmy tribe). Okapi derived from the pygmy word O'Api which, when. Other Scientific Nomenclature: Okapia liebrecht originated when, in the late 1. Forsyth Major concluded that a specimen of skin and. Okapia erikssoni was named in 1. Lord. Rothschild who found the skin of a female okapi to be. Species name is in Johnson's honor. Giraffe family (giraffes and okapi) dates to about 1. Miocene) (Dagg & Foster 1. At the same time in the same place, now extinct relatives of the giraffes existed. Okapi don't range into gallery forests or into forest islands on the savanna and they don't stay in the disturbed habitats surrounding human settlements. Adapted from www. IUCN fact sheet. Click here for detailed distribution (IUCN)PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS(Bodmer & Rabb 1. Colbert,1. 93. 8) (Dagg & Foster 1. Grzimek 1. 99. 0) (Hart 2. Lindsey et al 1. 99. Weight (Hart 2. 01. Males: 1. 80- 2. 60 kg. Females: 2. 40- 3. Shoulder Height (Hart 2. Males: 1. 4. 0- 1. Females: 1. 4. 2- 1. Length: 2. 5 m (8 ft) average for both sexes General. Okapi are a medium sized, extremely shy, even- toed ruminants related to giraffes; adapted for dense forest living. Smaller than giraffes, with shorter necks (but necks still longer than most ruminants)Okapi backs are nearly level, while giraffe backs slope markedly towards the rear. Have long skulls, large black eyes, large ears. Teeth show giraffe- like pattern with large gap between incisors and premolars. Large bony capsule enclosing the middle ear bones (auditory bullae), common to many forest- dwelling ruminants. Colbert 1. 93. 8). These ear bones enhance hearing (plains- dwelling giraffes have much smaller auditory bullae). Can hear and transmit low- frequency sounds below audible range for humans, according to studies in 1. San Diego Zoo and White Oak Conservation Center, Florida. Can be extended 2. Skin- covered horns are permanent (not shed annually). Poor eyesight Cervical vertebrae not as elongated as in the giraffe. Five sacral (lower back) vertebrae (3- 4 in giraffe) Only three tarsal (ankle area) bones; giraffes have four tarsal bones. Unlike giraffe, okapi has glands between toes on all 4 feet. Tapered white or creamy white horizontal stripes on rear and. Anklets and stockings of white on lower legs. Cheeks, throat and rear- most belly are whitish to gray or tan. Newborns have similar color and pelage; mane is conspicuous and is largely lost by adulthood. Hairs of white stripes are longer than hairs in dark stripes. Sexual Dimorphism. Males have skin- covered horns. Females have no horns but do have . Serval cat and golden cats prey on young okapi. Males and females flehmen, and males then go through a series. The. receptive female responds by a head- low posture, often with the tail. However, mothers may respond aggressively to the newborn. Common in many large zoos; currently being bred to maintain numbers. Captive okapi population in North American zoos has 2. Europe there are 2. In 2. 00. 8 camera trap images of okapi obtained for first time; cameras set up in Virunga by Zoological Society of London and the Congolese Institute for Nature Conservation (ICCN). Okapi protection begins officially in Congo/Zaire. Okapi Wildlife Reserve designated as a United Nation World Heritage Site. Within the reserve, some 5,0. This reserve encompasses the cultural center for two tribes of forest pygmy people - the Mubuti and Efe; okapi are not a significant part of their traditional diet,Strengthening protection of this reserve and Maiko National Park is the single most important means to ensure long- term survival of Okapi (IUCN 2. Okapi Wildlife Reserve placed on list of World Heritage in Danger because of devastation by civil war, invasion by miners and militants and destruction of wildlife by hunting for bushmeat and ivory. Disclaimer: Although San Diego Zoo Global makes every attempt to provide accurate information, some of the facts may become outdated or replaced by new research findings. Student Projects. Evidence Based Clinical Practice Guideline. Premature rupture of membranes at term: An evidenced- based clinical practice guideline for home birth midwives. Susan. Karimi. Susan Karimi, CNMMW2. Critical Inquiry II, Completion of Final Project. Abstract. Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) is defined as the rupturing of the fetal membranes at term, prior to the onset of uterine contractions (Duff, 1. King, 1. 99. 4). PROM is a relatively common occurrence, affecting 5% to 1. Duff, 1. 99. 6; King, 1. Risks associated with PROM include maternal and neonatal infection, cord compression, cord prolapse, and malpresentation (King, 1. As time passes with no ensuing labor, the risks of problems, particularly of infection, rises. Numerous options for treatment include an immediate induction of labor, the induction of labor after a set number of hours, expectant management while hospitalized, or out- patient expectant management. The best option for the management of PROM remains controversial due to inconsistencies within the literature (Duff, 1. King 1. 99. 4; Hannah, Hodnett, Willan, Foster, Di Cesso, & Helewa, 2. Furthermore, the research to date has been primarily conducted on hospitalized populations. Women who have planned a home birth are often reluctant to initiate the more aggressive treatment options for PROM because of the need for hospitalization. The home environment may offer protective advantages for these women, as common hospital interventions that may increase certain risks, such as vaginal examinations and internal fetal monitoring, are not performed or are not as frequent. The literature review revealed that the risk of infection is low for up to 7. PROM. Existing research also shows that most women will enter spontaneous labor within 7. PROM, and that women planning home birth prefer home care with minimal use of intervention. The exact duration for expectant management of PROM remains the primary area of debate. The conceptual framework - environment affects health - guides this inquiry. An evidenced- based clinical practice guideline is offered out of this inquiry for use in the midwifery management of PROM in home birth. CHAPTER 1: Introduction to the problem. Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) is commonly defined as the rupturing of the amniotic sac before the onset of uterine contractions and occurring after 3. Duff, 1. 99. 6; King, 1. The time between membrane rupture and onset of contractions is known as the latency period. Prior to rupture, the amniotic sac serves as a barrier to infectious organisms (King, 1. The intact amniotic sac also provides a cushion for both the fetal head and maternal tissues, so that pressure from uterine contractions is distributed more evenly and gently (King, 1. The umbilical cord is cushioned as well, protecting the cord from undue force. When the membranes rupture, these protections are lost. The management of PROM, therefore, is designed to minimize the risk of injury, particularly of infection, for both the woman and the fetus. There are several possible contributing factors to PROM. Existing infection is one possible cause, with N. According to this theory, one or more of these organisms may ascend through the cervix. An inflammatory reaction within the fetal membranes and/or uterus is initiated. As a result, injury to the fetal membranes may occur by the direct production of protease and other enzymes, or indirectly through cytokine production from the maternal immune response. Smoking, inadequate nutritional intake, and coitus within 9 days of delivery may also contribute to PROM. Finally, women with PROM, especially greater than 7. Enkin et al., 2. 00. Inadequate prostaglandin production may contribute to delayed labor and result in poor progress of cervical dilation. Current community standards of care call for medical intervention to begin immediately or within 1. PROM despite research evidence that longer waiting periods may be safe (Duff, 1. Monzurkewich & Walk, 1. Such interventions include pharmacological induction of labor and/or the use of intravenous antibiotics. Risks associated with these medications include failed induction, cesarean delivery, antibiotic resistance, and allergic reaction (Keirse, Ottervanger & Smit, 1. The research to date has been conducted primarily on women treated in hospital environments (Mozurkewich & Walf, 1. However, this data may not be applicable to women in the home setting due to the absence of virulent hospital microorganisms and the use of fewer medical interventions (Rooks, 1. Women who choose home birth, and the midwives who serve them, are philosophically unique (Anderson & Murphy, 1. Rooks, 1. 99. 7). Pregnancy and birth are viewed as normal, healthy life processes. The process is believed to develop best when unhindered by artificial rules, medications, and foreign environments. Women consider their social, spiritual, cultural, and economical needs to be as important as the physiological birth process. Freedom of self- expression, control over who will share this most personal experience with them, and cost- effectiveness are sought. Home birth midwives meet these unique needs through provision of individualized care. Hours of time are invested in getting to know women and their significant relationships with others. An intimate relationship develops between the woman and her midwife, thus enabling the midwife to intuitively recognize subtle changes in a woman's biopsychosocial health status. When labor ensues, the midwife stays with the woman, closely monitoring for signs of health or pathology while offering individualized comfort care. Interventions are only used when clearly indicated by medical need. The more naturalistic practices used in the home setting offer a very different, and sometimes controversial, option for birth than is commonly found in hospitals (Rooks, 1. This article reviews the controversies surrounding PROM management and suggests an evidenced- based clinical practice guideline (EB- CPG) for the midwifery management of PROM in planned home birth. Scope of the problem. PROM occurs in approximately 5% to 1. Duff, 1. 99. 6; King, 1. Approximately 4 million births occurred in the United States in 2. National Center for Health Statistics, 2. Therefore, an estimated 2. PROM in planned home birth will occur annually. In the 1. 95. 0s, the primary concern related to PROM was the risk of maternal and/or neonatal infection (Enkin et al, 2. Such episodes of infection were associated with a high risk of mortality. Therefore, immediate induction of labor was recommended. Today, however, current obstetrical knowledge has evolved. We now know that elimination of vaginal examinations after PROM significantly lowers the incidence of infection (Keirse et al, 1. Monitoring for clinical signs of infection is also more advanced, with cultures that detect DNA fragments. Monitoring for fetal well- being is also better through fetal surveillance testing such as non- stress testing (NST) and auscultated acceleration testing (Paine et al, 2. Deaths noted in earlier years primarily occurred after prolonged periods of severe infection, where antibiotic therapy was inadequate by today's standards (Enkin et al, 1. Such deaths are a rarity today (Keirse et al, 1. Enkin et al, 1. 99. Significance to women's health. Women seeking home birth desire a midwifery model of care that promotes nonintervention, except when clear medical need is demonstrated (Rooks, 1. Womenchoosing home birth expect to deliver their babies without medication while in the privacy of their own environments. An otherwise healthy pregnant woman who experiences PROM would suddenly find herself thrust into the world of hospital care and pharmacological intervention by those authors and care providers who promote immediate labor induction or antibiotic prophylaxis, often without listening to and acknowledging women's concerns. Without clear evidence of medical need, such women would potentially feel robbed of their home birth plans. In the event of iatrogenic complication from the recommended interventions, women would also experience avoidable threats to their health and that of their babies. For every woman planning a home birth, provider support for these plans is critical. Recommendations for transfer to the hospital should only be made under clear condition of need so that the woman and her growing family may have the best start possible. Significance to midwifery. Midwives provide evidenced- based health care that is individualized for each woman served (ACNM, 1. Clients who utilize midwives thus benefit from safe, cost- effective care (ACNM). An important component of midwifery care includes measures to reduce the use of expensive medications and cesarean surgeries. Specifically, care provided by skilled midwives in the home setting has been shown to be a safe and cost- effective option (ACNM, 2. The expectant home management of PROM has the potential to dramatically reduce overall health expenses for society. Furthermore, cutting back on the need for induction of labor, along with associated cesarean sections for failures, may help to achieve the Healthy People 2. Keirse et al., 1. Healthy People 2. Establishment of a clear practice guideline for the midwifery management of PROM in home birth is essential. Gaps between current practice and evidence based practice. The most effective management strategy for term pregnancies experiencing PROM remains uncertain. Some authors recommend immediate induction of labor for all women (Duff, 1. Garite, 2. 00. 1). Others have suggested expectant management lasting up to 7. King, 1. 99. 4; Keirse et al., 1. Shalev, Peleg, Eliyahu, & Nahum, 1. Due to these inconsistencies in the literature, no definitive clinical guideline has yet been determined. Current trends, therefore, have been towards immediate induction as a means to decrease the perceived risk of infection (Gabbe et al, 1. ![]() CURE lupus eritematoso. Yo existo y este blog es serio, as. MIS CONTACTOSE- mail: curassecretas@gmail. TIM: (0. 41) (2. 1) 8. Promoci! RESUMEN: Mi esposa durante 2 a. Ella era el segundo al cambiar los recursos para detener por completo dentro de 3 semanas. Tercero Durante 1. Cuarto Incluso con el dolor, y muy d. El resultado fue una cura total, o la redenci? ![]() Incluso la palabra CURE, la marginaci. Ahora bien, esto es incre. En pocas palabras: Busc. En dos semanas las articulaciones, desincharam de una manera alarmante, pero poco a poco. Catalina es la siguiente: Autohemoterapia Ascaridil + Magnesio + 2 x por semana, porque he curado con este tratamiento de la bronquitis, y quer. ![]() ![]() IMPORTANTE: Yo no estoy diciendo a nadie que deje de tomar drogas, no estoy loca, s. No se automedique, ni deje de tomar la medicaci! Pero ahora, todos los ex. Una nueva investigaci. ![]() ![]() HAGA CLIC ABAJO traducci. Margarina y sus derivados, manteca, dulce, etc . Leche, Iogurte. e ... El trigo y sus derivados ........., pizza, pasteles, panes, etc .. Ajinomoto glutamato monos. Edulcorante, y cualquier cosa que se ......... La carne roja, y todo eso .... ![]() Las papas, y todo lo que tiene ...... Mel, .............. Ella puede, lamentablemente, no pan y no hay una lista de alimentos prohibidos! IMPORTANTE: Esta dieta cuando se hace incorrectamente o en parte sin seriedad, no tuvo ning. Toma jugos de frutas sin edulcorantes varios, trate de comer muchas verduras, hojas y verduras crudas, en el almuerzo y la cena es siempre posible con ensalada de cebolla picada cruda, ajo crudo picado, hojas de albahaca, el ceboll. Todos los alimentos que son posibles para comer org. Esta enfermedad es seri! El picolinato de cromo (Cr) es un suplemento alimenticio para perder peso. El cromo está involucrado en el metabolismo de las grasas, las proteínas, y los hidratos. Mi esposa durante 2 años y 8 meses, era enfermo terminal, lupus eritematoso, artritis reumatoide, síndrome de Sjögren, la enfermedad que se llama tejido conectivo. Qué son los fibromas, síntomas y tratamientos. Los fibromas o miomas uterinos son tumores benignos que se forman en las paredes del útero. Consisten en una masa de. Remedios para el cáncer Tratamiento natural del cáncer con las propiedades de las plantas medicinales y los alimentos naturales. No coma en cualquier circunstancia, estos alimentos y sus derivados, y que era muy dif. Los alimentos sugeridos por el doctor empez. Las verduras, Muchas frutas. Frutos de c. Las frutas secas in natura. La leche de soja, polvo natural, se diluye con agua o jugo, no se ha industrializado. Arroz, frijoles, o hacerlo sin una gota de aceite . La yuca y sus derivados Las patatas dulces. Pasta de soya natural Galleta de arroz: Es importante comprobar siempre las etiquetas, si conten. La glucosamina, condroitina, cloruro de Mgnesio 3 veces por d. Su estado general de salud. La glucosamina y la condroitina y otros .. En 3 semanas: Las juntas eran incre. ![]() En dos meses, se inici. En tres meses, comenz. En 7 meses de tratamiento, ella comenz. Pasamos a poca distancia de hasta 1 km, lo que era la distancia desde nuestra casa al gimnasio sin una silla de ruedas o muletas. En unos cuantos meses al a. Sin embargo, sigue siendo la dieta restrictiva y la suplementaci. En resumen: Lo hizo dos a. Rodolfo de Castro, Minas Gerais, me envi. Cortisona: Muy resumidinho. Puede causar dolor de las articulaciones, la necrosis . Una de las miles de fuentes: http: //pt. S% C3% ADndrome. FUENTE: http: //www. Default. Limpo. aspx? ES/Ver. Dicionario& id. ZDicionario=2. 48 En el folleto tambi. Fuente: http: //adam. Continuando con la Bula Reuquinol. La coincidencia de todos, ? En este trabajo piezas separadas del toro entra en par. Usted puede ver el folleto en su totalidad en el siguiente enlace: http: //docs. ![]() Dlzfl. A9i. Mj. Nt. IAy. 4Ovq. OCry. Yocd. Me. 6dyg. 9d- 0? Otro ejemplo: Una persona es al. Respuesta: La carne de pollo es un ideal que es r. Gracias por sus preguntas, y un gran abrazo Hugo! Pero yo tengo mi opini. Puesto que mi objetivo es s. Este video muestra un poco de por qu. ![]() PROTEGE TU PRÓSTATA Que no crezca y no deje vacío tu bolsillo, y sobre todo, no aumente tus posibilidades de obtener CÁNCER de próstata!?!?!? El ácido alfa lipoico ALA fue aislado por primera vez en 1951 por Reed y colaboradores, también es conocido como ácido tióctico o ácido lipoico. Recordando que el antiguo tratamiento que estaba tomando cortisona, antimal. Lea acerca de la enfermedad cel! Piense en el cuerpo humano como un cultivo agr. Lo mismo sucede con el cuerpo humano, un ejemplo claro es el escorbuto, una enfermedad donde la falta de vitamina C, ha tra. En resumen: Una buena nutrici. Publicado el 0. 5 de septiembre 2. La angustia Mar. Estoy completamente sin dolor, sin fiebre y tuvo un efecto inesperado de esta dieta, mi diabetes tipo dos, que llevaba despu? Maria Cristina d. La enfermedad se inici. En mayo de 1. 99. En tres meses yo estaba mucho mejor, caminando de vuelta nueve y san. Ahora creo que estoy curado, me dijo que yo deb. Yo estaba muy feliz de escuchar otro caso similar al m. Radloff Aline http: //aliradloff. Es asombroso ver c. Monika dijo .. Good Night, Escobar, Mi nombre es M. Bueno, esta vez a los 3. Las drogas duras comenzaron, la cloroquina, corticoides, anti- inflamatorio, y nada .. Bueno, el doctor decidi. Con el tiempo he tenido una cierta mejor. Fue entonces cuando un gran amigo llamado Audrey se convirti. Hoy estoy en un gran dolor y las dificultades a causa de la medicaci. Le doy las gracias, 2. Mi madre tiene artritis reumatoide, y es un momento de dolor insoportable (ahora en su mayor. Un ((((dice Escobar))))No, mi esposa no puede producir unos Varios ingredientes PAN prohibida, al leer las etiquetas, SI ES UN TEMA EN ARTICULOS PROHIBIDOS, ella no puede. MUCHA GENTE TIENE dieta varias ALERGIA ALIMENTARIA DE ESTA, Y NO SABE, consumiendo durante a. Y MIENTRAS EL USO CONTINUADO debilita el cuerpo. QUIERO RECORDAR QUE PUEDE SER LA ALERGIA de diversas maneras, declara que la persona EN EL TIEMPO Y saber pronto que sea al. Entre varios otros factores espec. EL MUNDO VERDE LA LLAMA SE, polvo de soja solubles de la leche. Natural, sin colorantes, ni conservantes. MI ESPOSA UNA MEZCLA DE CUCHARA EN AGUA O JUGO DE FRUTA NATURAL. EX: ARROZ Y FRIJOLES SE HACE CON aceite caliente, ella no puede. OTRO EJEMPLO: recetas de galletas: SI aceite, az. Misa tiene TRIGO Y ella no puede. COME TODO LO QUE ELLA NO CUENTA SOBRE ALIMENTOS PROHIBIDOS. EX: arroz, frijoles, fideos de arroz, pollo, pescado, hortalizas en STEAM BR. UNA COSA QUE LE ENCANTA Y PONER EN Hojas de albahaca fresca Un sabor de la comida LEGAL COMO EL ACEITE DE ALIMENTOS EN EL HOGAR sin perder sabor. LO IMPORTANTE ES QUE MI MUJER utiliza una gran cantidad de la creatividad. BANANA CON NARANJA Papaya con naranja IE NARANJA SERVIR COMO BASE PARA endulzar, muchas veces que se siente EL HAMBRE LA CALLE Y NO SIEMPRE TIENE UNA MANO FRUCTOSA. Fideos de arroz, y pone el aceite fr. Biju TAPIOCA de llenar de gelatina de fruta, HECHO EN CASA endulzado con fructosa, ning. Por ejemplo: Ella toma el RIPE FRESA DE 4. MINUTOS EN EL INCENDIO DE COCINA BAJA circulaci. WHISKY VARIOS, ACAI, agua de coco HIT CON CARNE DE COCO endulzado con fructosa, SAND. Lupus inducido por medicamentos. El lupus eritematoso inducido por f. Incluso los medicamentos para el lupus tambi. Uno o dos tortitas hechas con almid. Comer caliente porque es m. Opciones para el llenado de los huevos revueltos, fruta o mermelada hecha en casa con fructosa. Una taza de la soja la vitamina y la avena. Un fruto de tu propio ritmo con una cucharada de polvo de leche de soja y 2 cucharadas de harina de avena, batido en una licuadora hasta que quede suave. Este lote de vitaminas de la saciedad. Para dar un color diferente que pur. Es la consistencia que se asemeja a la leche de una vaca peque. Almuerzo o cena: Sal con moderaci. Bases: Arroz, frijoles, pura, hecha sin una gota de petr. Fideos de arroz con albahaca fresca y el or. Carne blanca Filete de pollo con el ajo picado y la cebolla en rodajas finas. Pescado a la plancha o al horno Salm. Horno de anchoa: A las anchoas limpias, recu. Condimentar con ajo, sal, lim. PASTA CON VERDURAS DE TIERRA shimeji. Verduras Todos son gratuitos, a menos pimienta, patata y frutos de tomate. Realiza diversos tipos de verduras para acompanhas: Jud. Siempre hizo sin ning. Ensalada verde Ensalada de pepino, cebolla berros lechuga, r. Pero no de tomates y pimientos. Puede acumular adicional fr. Postre: Esta parte es muy delicada porque por lo general dulces en general, son altamente pro inflamatorios, o contribuir a la FLASH procesos, y es por eso que mi esposa consume dulces elaborados con fructosa y con moderaci. Come moderadamente para el postre: Pl. Confituras, con la fructosa y la galleta de arroz, que compra la casa de productos naturales. Era esencial: Era importante para el . Su objetivo es satisfacer el hambre de inmediato, porque el hambre puede comer alimentos induzila de la dieta. Esta dieta es libre, lo importante no es, bajo ninguna circunstancia comer la lista de alimentos prohibidos. Ya sabes, si mi esposa me recuerda a la alegor! No soy y nunca he estado en contra de las drogas, por el contrario en el momento en que hizo el tratamiento de cortisona, me par! Escobar dice: Yo no estoy en contra de la cortisona, (yo creo que en un momento cr. Quiero dejar claro aqu! Una persona en el Internet me sugiri. Amo a mi esposa, y ella luch. Si usted tiene alguna enfermedad autoinmune como el lupus eritematoso, artritis reumatoide, s. Como ya he dicho que no soy un m. Hay incluso una ONG que cura el c! Si alguien que usted ama est! Debido a que nunca he o. Sin embargo uno debe hacer todo el tratamiento con un m. Vi un video patrocinado por la industria farmac! Sospecho que las grandes compa. HASTA QUE PUEDE LUCHAR CONTRA EL C! Pero quiero dejar claro que, aunque estoy publicando esta historia en mi blog, mi esposa no investiga o se utiliza estas vacunas, ya que su enfermedad estaba controlada total o curado s. Sin embargo, incluso sin conocer y de haber probado esta vacuna, voy a poner a discutir el tema en mi p! Quiero abrir el debate aqu. Pacheco da Veiga Genesio? Aplicar la vacuna en 4. Debido a los intereses econ. Lea la entrevista completa seguir el dr. Foto: Ricardo Medeiros Gen. Pacheco da Veiga: - Los resultados de la vacuna han sido excelentes. Foto: Ricardo Medeiros - ? Mi oficina trabaja en la planta baja de un edificio de tres pisos. Fuente: http: //www. Max es asesinado, es por qu. GUARIGIONE la artritis reumatoide di. Guarigione della di s. Features The 9 Highest Paying Fitness Jobs Got a passion for fitness and wellness? Why not make a career out of it? Are you a Fitness professional looking for new opportunities? Here at Leisurejobs we supply a massive number of Fitness jobs from junior level to senior management. Are you an employer looking to find interns for your business? Employers can post internships and student jobs for free on Internships.com. Once you post your job. This interview is with a real tower climber. See what they said about their job and how much money they make ![]() ![]() We never have to worry about whether or not the data is current, Sammi's command and control system ensures that we are always communicating with the satellite in real- time. In addition, Sammi's sophisticated graphics make the data easy to read and understand. Because of Sammi, a project that could have taken months was completed in days. With its cutting- edge products, it is a great example of how Bay Area Houston sends innovation around the world. Sammi is very important in our system. Larry Page announced in August that the tech giant was splitting itself up and creating a new holding company. Bank jobs in India were one of the most sought after career option for a long time until the rise of IT & software companies. Things have undergone a change now as. Goddard Space Flight Center GSFC renews long term contract with Kinesix for support of their satellite testing and command & control. CPR/AED, plus national fitness certification and/or equivalent years of experience. MUST hold a national fitness certification and/or have experience teaching. Dear Ms Jawhara Abdullah Moosa, owner of Horizon Fitness, Once upon a time (4 years ago) I signed up to the Horizon Fitness gym in MQ - I bought 2 annual memberships. 13th Month Pay of Employees with Multiple Employers. Employees with multiple employers are entitled to 13th month pay from all their private employers. Teacher: Salary and Job Description. Physical education teachers have an important job . ![]() In other words, daily cardiovascular exercise strengthens the heart muscle, increases alertness, reduces stress, and helps students focus. In addition to helping students stay mentally fit, physical education teachers raise the bar for making healthy choices throughout life . Although their roles in elementary schools are somewhat limited, physical education teachers help students at the middle and high school levels stay fit, set and accomplish goals and build character. Our guide offers insights into the required education, salary and job outlook of physical education teachers. Browse through the content or use these links to jump to your desired destination: At- a- glance> Who makes good physical education teachers? Teaching at the various levels> Elementary school physical education teachers> Middle school physical education teachers> High school physical education teachers> Postsecondary/college physical education teachers. Professional development> Continuing education> Professional associations. Related careers> Jobs beyond teaching. Best of the Web> Sites and Twitter handles to follow. At- a- glance: physical education. In addition to setting examples by staying fit, physical education teachers should demonstrate leadership skills that motivate students to embrace exercise regimens, set individual goals and participate in team sports. With a range of popular aerobics programs . A state- issued teaching certificate or license is also required. However, some private schools do not specify a teaching credential as a job prerequisite. Some states require a master. Most postsecondary schools require at least a master. In addition to helping students exercise, they may teach physiology and nutrition and are expected to help advance core standards for language arts and mathematics. Physical education classes are a good platform for engaging students in reading, writing and verbal communications, and improving math skills. Assignments and quizzes that focus on sports history, performance statistics and scorekeeping are good vehicles to improve core curriculum. Full- time teachers typically work eight- to nine- hour shifts from 8 a. Most public and some private school teachers have summers off, along with various holidays and winter breaks that generally run from two to three weeks. Physical education teachers also: Prepare assignments, such as quizzes on the history of a given sport, athletic field and court dimensions, scoring and rules. Grade tests, essays and reports based on printed and online research about a given sport, human physiology, health and nutrition. Meet with physical education colleagues, school leaders, nurses and counselors to coordinate lessons and improve students. They need to strike a balance by encouraging students through their own excitement for sports and exercise programs while establishing procedures that promote student cooperation. Because some students attempt to sidetrack others through antics, outbursts and other disruptive techniques, students sometimes resist P. E. Consequently, physical education teachers must establish routine procedures to keep classes on track. Physical education teachers need to be patient and authoritative, empathetic and regimented. The best physical education teachers are natural managers who lead by example. They are physically fit, talented and highly motivated . To succeed as a physical education teacher today, you must be dedicated to helping young people improve scholastically through exercise, athletics and healthy lifestyle choices that reduce stress and stimulate learning. Here. The higher the grade level, the more advanced the physiology, nutrition and health studies become. High school physical education teachers are also more likely to coach sports teams than their counterparts in middle schools. Numerous factors determine what grade level to teach. These include: Educational level (postsecondary institutions typically require an advanced degree, and high school teachers usually hold master. The association is a coalition of five separate national physical fitness organizations under the single umbrella of SHAPE America. Fortunately, some districts hire physical education specialists to teach at several schools or to teach multiple grade levels within a single school. Districtwide elementary physical education teachers have many of the same responsibilities as their middle and high school counterparts. Rather than teaching several classes at one school, however, they generally work at three to five schools. These physical education specialists typically are employed full time, with standard benefits such as summer vacations and retirement pension plans. These positions provide physical education specialists with: Full- time employment as P. E. Middle school physical education teachers are responsible for introducing students to organized activities that require team participation. Click here for in- depth details about middle school physical education teachers. Procedures are extremely important to facilitate a smooth transition from elementary to middle school. Locker room management is a key function of physical education teaching at the middle school level. This includes assigning gym clothes and equipment lockers and requiring daily showers. A middle school physical education teacher. In some middle schools, however, they may teach seventh and eighth grades. Some private and parochial, or faith- based, middle schools include ninth grade. Private and public middle school teachers are expected to work full- time schedules (generally from 8 a. This might include distributing reading materials on Greco- Roman wrestling and the first Olympic contests, to the history of American baseball, to the dimensions of basketball courts and the meanings of numerous terms like . Along with teaching the history and techniques of numerous sporting activities, physical education teachers are expected to grade students on attendance, participation and knowledge. Physical education teachers may give daily quizzes, weekly tests and end- of- course exams to evaluate students. Consequently, they should be prepared to spend time on lesson planning, evaluating written reports and grading tests. Physical education teachers should anticipate working with individual students as necessary to keep all students learning alongside their classmates. This does not mean students in middle school physical education classes are graded strictly on their athletic ability, competitiveness, or performance; rather, it implies that all students should participate in activities, do their best and learn the curriculum. They are tested on participation, subject knowledge and cooperation, as well as skills development. Here is a closer look at current physical education curriculum goals for middle school students based on recommendations from the National Center for the Prevention of Chronic Disease and Health Promotion: Personal and social development. Participate fully in activities and cooperate with classmates. Perform physical activities safely while following procedures and rules of etiquette. Display self- control and discipline appropriate to middle school age level. Motor skills and movement patterns. Demonstrate competency in movement forms for aerobics and physical activities. Show competency in a variety of movement skills such as volleyball serves, gymnastics regimens and basketball dribbling. Use simple cues from the teacher or teammates to improve personal performance in activities. Physical activity and fitness. Demonstrate balance and agility and knowledge of proper nutrition for lifelong wellness planning. Participate regularly in moderate- to- vigorous physical activities, including sports and aerobics workouts. Demonstrate competency in performing individual stretching regimens and partner- based warm- up routines. Physical literacy development. Learn and use correct sports, health and fitness terminology for all class activities. Demonstrate and articulate the importance of following rules and procedures for sports and fitness activities. Provide positive reinforcement to others through verbal feedback, cheering and nonverbal means, such as high- fives. How to become a middle school physical education. In some rural public school districts and certain private schools, physical education teachers may be expected to teach other curriculum . Some private schools, though, do not indicate a teaching credential as a job prerequisite. Certification and licensing requirements for middle school teachers vary from state to state. Teachers are usually required to take professional development courses as a condition of certification. Teaching License Reciprocity by State: Visit our state- by- state teacher licensing and reciprocity page for regulations in your state. Alternative certification is becoming increasingly popular, with an estimated 2. Because of fluctuating teacher shortages, states are offering alternative ways to certify. Although the Bureau of Labor Statistics does not provide specific salary data for physical education teachers, online job sites such as Glassdoor. P. E. In some expanding U. S. Overall, the BLS estimates a 1. Pros and cons of being a middle school physical education. In some high schools, however, they may teach grades eight to 1. Private and public high school teachers generally work full- time schedules, from 8 a. Monday through Friday. However, many P. E. In some high schools, physical education teachers may have fewer late- afternoon classes to compensate for the after- school hours they work. A high school physical education teacher. This might include distributing reading materials on international rugby, the history of American football, the integration of Major League Baseball, the dimensions of tennis courts and the meanings of terms like . |
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